The difference, by the numbers
Both have lime juice. Only the Industry Sour has Fernet-Branca, Green Chartreuse and simple syrup; only the Naked and Famous has mezcal, Yellow Chartreuse and Aperol. In parts, an Industry Sour is 1 Fernet, 1 Chartreuse, 1 lime and 1 syrup; a Naked and Famous is 1 mezcal, 1 Chartreuse, 1 Aperol and 1 lime. By volume, the Industry Sour is 25% liqueur, 25% syrup and sugar, 25% citrus and 25% fortified wine and bitter; the Naked and Famous is 25% liqueur, 25% spirit, 25% citrus and 25% fortified wine and bitter. That makes them close cousins on the ratio map.
They are about equally strong in the glass (14.5% and 14.7% ABV), but the Industry Sour is the bigger drink, so it holds more alcohol (1.59 standard drinks against 1.22). The Industry Sour has more calories (about 271 against 171) and more sugar (28.0 g against 11.9 g). Both are shaken and served in a coupe.